语言学四.pptVIP

? Linguistics after Saussure: ? Rationalist orientation ? Empiricist orientation (including empirical sciences of language) ? Representatives of rationalist ideas: ? Structuralism? ?? ? Chomskyan TG grammar ?? ? Generative Semantics ?? ? Head-driven Phrase-structure Grammar (HPSG) ? Structuralism Standpoint: a) All languages are unique; what people actually say is correct. b) Grammar: a description of language structure. c) Linguists seek after pure descriptive knowledge. 重要点：语言是一个结构体系 （system of structures） Methodology: a) Substitution analysis (替代分析); b) Contrast analysis (对比分析); c) Distribution analysis (分布分析); d) Immediate constituent (IC) analysis (直接成分分析). 理解关键：the analysis of the formal structures of language. 3. Transformational- generative Grammar 转换生成语法 E.g. The man hits the ball. The ball is hit by the man. Syntactic Structures in 1957 by Chomsky Deep structure: underlying structure Surface structure: derived structure. P. 132 P. 133. The transformational component has transformational rules, which change the deep structures generated by the phrase structure (短语结构) component into surface structures. ? Chomskyan TG grammar TG: transformational-generative 语法理论需要满足三个充分性: 1) Observational adequacy 2) Descriptive adequacy 3) Explanatory adequacy Ideology: Language: 一个语言中合语法的语句的无限 集合。 Grammar: 能产生出合语法的语句，并且不 产生不和语法的语句的有限规则 系统. 重要点： 语言是一个规则系统（system of rules）；建立一个上下文无关的语法，力图解决语句的生成性问题。 Competence: the knowledge of sound, form and meaning; Performance: the use of language for com-munication. (The analogy of multiplication table) 123456789×987654321 注意：先验规则系统！ LAD (language acquisition device): UG SG S0 S1, S2, S3, ...... Sn Sf Surface structure: language behavior Deep structure: language competence 深层结构决定语句意义，然后经过转换 投射到表层结构（上下文无关文法）。 例：John is