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Chapter 3 PREFERENCES AND UTILITY （在高级部分很重要） Axioms of Rational Choice 理论性人的数学限定:也就是偏好的假定：也就是主观效用价值论的基础 Completeness if A and B are any two situations, an individual can always specify exactly one of these possibilities: A is preferred to B B is preferred to A A and B are equally attractive 会判断：不是婴儿 Axioms of Rational Choice Transitivity if A is preferred to B, and B is preferred to C, then A is preferred to C assumes that the individual’s choices are internally consistent 内在一致：可以比较，不是傻瓜 Axioms of Rational Choice Continuity if A is preferred to B, then situations suitably “close to” A must also be preferred to B used to analyze individuals’ responses to relatively small changes in income and prices 能够对微小变动做出比较：计算能力很强 Utility Given these assumptions, it is possible to show that people are able to rank in order all possible situations from least desirable to most 效用的定义：Economists call this ranking utility 序数效用：相对感受很重要 注意：相对是对自己的多种选择而言，而不是相对别人而言（理性人不考虑别人的感受） Utility Because utility measures are not unique, it makes no sense to consider how much more utility is gained from A than from B 基数效用不是不重要，而是没必要 It is also impossible to compare utilities between people Utility Economists generally devote attention to quantifiable options while holding constant the other things that affect utility ceteris paribus assumption(的应用) Utility Assume that an individual must choose among consumption goods x1, x2,…, xn The individual’s rankings can be shown by a utility function of the form: utility = U(x1, x2,…, xn; other things) 一般的形式是（利用“ceteris paribus assumption”）：utility = U(x1, x2,…, xn) 数学的解释：将other things标准化为0 Economic Goods In the utility function, the x’s are assumed to be “goods” more is preferred to less（多多益善） Indifference Curves：效用函数的几何形式 An indifference curve shows a set of consumption bundles among which the individual is indifferent Marginal Rate of Substitution The negative of the slope of the indifference curve at any point is called the marginal rate of substitution