No lazing on sunny afternoons report.pptVIP

Introduction In the laboratory, fruitflies rely on an internal clock to alternate activity with a midday nap and night-time sleep. Introduction Surprisingly, when outdoors, they follow temperature rather than the clock, and skip siestas (午睡). Circadian clocks (生物時鐘) Circadian clocks(生物時鐘) are biological mechanisms that allow living organisms to adapt their physiology and behaviour to day–night cycles. Circadian clocks (生物時鐘) Circadian clocks(生物時鐘) 位於大腦下視丘中「視叉上核-SCN 」上，SCN可將光照訊息轉給腦中及身體其他控制日變活性的部位，去調控身體的日夜週期 視叉上核-SCN 是哺乳動物的生物時鐘，控制著哺乳動物的生化、生理和行為的日週期性表現。視叉上核有兩個，左右各一，座落在第三腦室兩旁，視神經交叉的正上方。 Circadian clocks (生物時鐘) A neuronal circadian clock (神經元的生物時鐘) controls rhythms of rest and activity in many animal species, including the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. Fruitflies’circadian clock The insects’ circadian clock relies on a feedback loop that involves four proteins — CLOCK, CYCLE, PERIOD and TIMELESS — that bind to specific regions of DNA and control the expression of many genes. Fruitflies’circadian clock Mutant fruitflies (突變果蠅) Mutant fruitflies devoid of any one these four proteins(CLOCK,CYCLE, PERIOD,TIMELESS) lack circadian rhythms. Animals (and humans) need an internal clock in a cycling environment. A clock allows organisms to anticipate(預測) environmental changes and therefore to prepare for such changes. Rest-activity rhythms in fruitflies a. In laboratory-induced dark–light cycles (12 hours dark, 12 hours light and a constant temperature of 25 °C) Rest-activity rhythms in fruitflies Normal fruitflies show little activity at night and wake up a few hours before the lights are turned on. Rest-activity rhythms in fruitflies Normal fruitflies After their morning activity, they take an afternoon nap and then become progressively more active until the moment when the lights are switched off and sleep time starts. Rest-activity rhythms in fruitflies Mutant fruitflies do not anticipate laboratory light–dark cycles and show