石油工程--生產工程.ppt

Perforating Bullet perforation is more effective in formation of low to moderate compressive strength, while jet perforation is generally better in rock with high compressive strength. A much safer well completion technique is to make the perforations after the tubing has been run and the packer set because the well is under absolute control at all times. Thru-tubing perforation has been made possible by the development of perforating devices small enough to run through tubing. Swabbing 抽吸法 Swabbing is a temporary operation that lower the fluid level in the well so that it can begin to produce If enough fluid can be swabbed (lifted) out of the tubing so that the pressure in the formation is slightly greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the tubing, the oil or gas will start flowing immediately after the perforation are made. If the fluid does not flow after bring swabbed, a pump is installed as a permanent lifting device to bring the oil the surface. 生產工程Production Engineering Production(Fundamentals of Petroleum , UT-Austin , Chapter V) 生產工程 (Definition of production) （1）將地層的流體（油或氣）由井底帶到地表。 ( bring the well fluid to surface) （2）將地表的流體作處理（例如:油氣分離）， 以 作為輸送 到煉油廠之前的準備。 (preparing them for their trip through the pipeline to the refinery) 生產之階段（Stages或phases） （1）完井（complete the well）-- bring the fluid to the surface The first step is to complete the well － that is , to perform whatever operations are necessary to start the well fluids flowing to the surface （2）例行修護（Routine maintenance operations）-- doing whatever is necessary to keep the well producing （a）修復磨損及故障的設備 -- replacing worn or malfunctioning equipment, are standard during the wells production lift （b）Workover (修井) -- more extensive rep