Chapter_16解析.pptVIP

第十七章 寡头 Oligopoly 不完全竞争Imperfect Competition 不完全竞争指的是介于完全竞争和纯垄断之间的那些市场结构 Imperfect competition refers to those market structures that fall between perfect competition and pure monopoly. 不完全竞争Imperfect Competition 不完全竞争包括这样的产业：企业面临竞争，但竞争没有激烈到使企业成为价格接受者 Imperfect competition includes industries in which firms have competitors but do not face so much competition that they are price takers. 不完全竞争市场的类型Types of Imperfectly Competitive Markets 寡头Oligopoly 只有少数几个卖者，每个卖者提供与其他企业相似或相同的产品 Only a few sellers, each offering a similar or identical product to the others. 垄断竞争Monopolistic Competition 一个有许多出售相似但不相同的产品的企业的市场结构 Many firms selling products that are similar but not identical. 市场结构的四种类型The Four Types of Market Structure 只有少数几个卖者的市场Markets With Only a Few Sellers 由于只有少数几个卖者，寡头市场的关键特征是合作与利己之间的冲突 Because of the few sellers, the key feature of oligopoly is the tension between cooperation and self-interest. 寡头市场的特征Characteristics of an Oligopoly Market 少数几个卖者提供相似或相同的产品 Few sellers offering similar or identical products 相互关联的企业 Interdependent firms 最好是合作，象垄断那样生产少量产品并把价格定在边际成本之上 Best off cooperating and acting like a monopolist by producing a small quantity of output and charging a price above marginal cost 双头的例子A Duopoly Example 双头是只有两个卖者的寡头。双头是最简单的寡头模型 A duopoly is an oligopoly with only two members. It is the simplest type of oligopoly. 双头的例子：水的需求表A Duopoly Example: Demand Schedule for Water 双头的例子： 价格和供给量A Duopoly Example: Price andQuantity Supplied 在完全竞争的市场中，水的价格等于边际成本即零The price of water in a perfectly competitive market would be driven to where the marginal cost is zero: P = MC = $0 Q = 120 gallons 在垄断的市场中，价格和数量使垄断者的总利润最大化The price and quantity in a monopoly market would be where total profit is maximized: P = $60 Q = 60 gallons 双头的例子： 价格和供给量A Duopoly Example: Price andQuantity Supplied 社会有效率的水的供应量是120 加伦，但垄断者只供应60加伦 The socially efficient quantity of water is 120 gallons, but a monopolist would produce only 60 gallons of water. 我们预期双头是什么结果呢? So what out