Lect_03_Data_Presentation_and_Collection_edited_Ana.pptx

1 Mathematics and Statistics for the Social Sciences Week 3 Data Presentation and Collection What is Statistics? Statistics is the subject which studies different techniques of giving meaning to raw data, i.e. untreated data. 2 Definitions Data are observations (such as survey responses, measurements, etc.) that have been collected. A population is the complete collection of all elements (scores, people, measurements, and so on) to be studied. A sample is a subcollection of members selected from a population. 3 Attention! The sample data has to be collected in a random manner, otherwise it is not going to be statistically relevant, therefore it’s going to be useless. 4 How many types of data do we have? Discrete data: when the number of possible values is a finite number; Continuous data: when we have an infinite number of possible values. 5 6 Discrete data Can only be whole numbers, e. g. people, houses 7 Continuous data Can take on all values: examples include Change in speed (acceleration) of a car Change in height of a person Change in age of a person How do we organize the data? We will use the so called tally chart. Example. Suppose we are conducting a survey of defective items produced by machines of different ages (in months) in a factory. To count these defective items we will use: 8 9 The Tally Chart for defective items Age in months Tally Frequency 1 – 5 II 2 6 – 10 III 3 11 – 15 IIII II 7 16 – 20 IIII IIII 9 21 – 25 IIII IIII IIII IIII 20 26 – 30 IIII IIII IIII II 17 31 – 35 IIII IIII IIII IIII II 22 Total 80 Definitions Frequency is the number of times a certain event has happened. A frequency table lists data values (by groups of intervals or individually), along with their corresponding frequencies. 10 11 Frequency table for defective items by age of machine Grouped data Class intervals Age in months Frequency 1 – 5 2 6 – 10 3 11 – 15 7 16 – 20 9