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2013Modern Pathology-The long non-coding RNAs, a new cancer diagnostic and therapeutic gold mine.pdf

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2013Modern Pathology-The long non-coding RNAs, a new cancer diagnostic and therapeutic gold mine

The long non-coding RNAs, a new cancer diagnostic and therapeutic gold mine Peng Qi1,2 and Xiang Du1,2 1Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China and 2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China The conventional view of gene regulation in biology has centered around protein-coding genes via the central dogma of DNA-mRNA-protein. The discovery of thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has certainly changed our view of the complexity of mammalian genomes and transcriptomes, as well as many other aspects of biology including transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. Accumulating reports of misregulated lncRNA expression across numerous cancer types suggest that aberrant lncRNA expression may be a major contributor to tumorigenesis. Here, we summarize recent data about the biological characteristics of lncRNAs in cancer pathways. These include examples with a wide range of molecular mechanisms involved in gene regulation. We also consider the medical implications, and discuss how lncRNAs can be used for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and serve as potential therapeutic targets. As more examples of regulation by lncRNA are uncovered, one might predict that the large transcripts will eventually rival small RNAs and proteins in their versatility as regulators of genetic information. Modern Pathology (2013) 26, 155–165; doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.160; published online 21 September 2012 Keywords: cancer; diagnostics; gene expression; long non-coding RNAs The central dogma of gene expression is that DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which in turn serves as the template for protein synthesis. Intensive investiga- tions over the last few decades have focused on the role of protein-coding genes in the pathogenesis of cancer. However, recent advances in technologies, such as tiling arrays and RNA deep sequencing (RNA-seq), have made it possible to survey the transcriptome