change heat transfer 1998 Kern award review外文书.pdf

FLUID MECHANICS AND TRANSPORT PHENOMENA Intermolecular Forces in Phase-Change Heat Transfer: 1998 Kern Award Review Peter C. Wayner, Jr. The Isermann Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 The ?ariation of long-range intermolecular forces near interfaces profoundly affects the performance of change-of-phase heat exchangers. Starting with the fundamental ( )electromagnetic force between molecules dielectric properties , the effects of shape ( ) ( )Kel?in effect , temperature Clapeyron effect and concentration on the heat-transfer characteristics of thin films and larger systems are re?iewed and connected. A judicious selection of literature gi?es a consistent set of models of particular use in heat transfer. Examples of experimental ?erification of these interfacial models in this rapidly de?elop- ing field are also presented. Introduction Experimental observations and theoretical simulations of the effects of long-range intermolecular forces have demon- ?strated that the properties of small liquid systems such as an .evaporating drop deviate from those of a bulk liquid. Devia- tions also occur near the junction of a liquid film with a sub- strate. Still additional deviations occur as the thickness of a ?thin liquid film decreases such as near the ‘‘contact line’’ .where the liquid-vapor interface intercepts the ‘‘substrate’’ . These regions have received extensive study because of their fundamental importance in nature. Herein, this broad lit- erature is reviewed and connected for the purpose of dem- onstrating its efficacy in modeling change-of-phase heat ?transfer such as boiling, heat pipes, grooved evaporators and .condensers, rewetting of heated surfaces, and so on . An evaluation of the literature leads us to the conclusion that it is possible to start with two of the four fundamental forces of ? ? ..nature gravity and electromagnetic intermolecular and ob- ? .tain the effects of shape thickness and curvature , concen-