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On-Road Measurement of Gas and Particle Phase Pollutant Emission
On-Road Measurement of Gas and Particle Phase Pollutant Emission
Factors for Individual Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks
Timothy R. Dallmann,? Steven J. DeMartini,? Thomas W. Kirchstetter,?,? Scott C. Herndon,§
Timothy B. Onasch,§ Ezra C. Wood,§,∥ and Robert A. Harley?,*
?Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1710, United States
?Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
§Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
*S Supporting Information
ABSTRACT: Pollutant concentrations in the exhaust plumes
of individual diesel trucks were measured at high time
resolution in a highway tunnel in Oakland, CA, during July
2010. Emission factors for individual trucks were calculated
using a carbon balance method, in which pollutants measured
in each exhaust plume were normalized to measured
concentrations of carbon dioxide. Pollutants considered here
include nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon
monoxide, formaldehyde, ethene, and black carbon (BC), as
well as optical properties of emitted particles. Fleet-average
emission factors for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and BC
respectively decreased 30 ± 6 and 37 ± 10% relative to levels
measured at the same location in 2006, whereas a 34 ± 18% increase in the average NO2 emission factor was observed. Emissions
distributions for all species were skewed with a small fraction of trucks contributing disproportionately to total emissions. For
example, the dirtiest 10% of trucks emitted half of total NO2 and BC emissions. Emission rates for NO2 were found to be
anticorrelated with all other species considered here, likely due to the use of catalyzed diesel particle filters to help control
exhaust emissions. Absorption and scattering cross-section emission factors were used to calculate the aerosol single scattering
albedo (SSA, at 532 nm) for individual truck exhaust plumes,
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