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2017-04-09 发布于江苏
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Toxicity of the Insecticide Fipronil and Its Degradates to Benthic.pdf

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Toxicity of the Insecticide Fipronil and Its Degradates to Benthic

Toxicity of the Insecticide Fipronil and Its Degradates to Benthic Macroinvertebrates of Urban Streams Donald P. Weston*,? and Michael J. Lydy? ?Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States ?Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide with increasing urban use. Sixteen urban waterways and municipal wastewater were sampled for fipronil, its environmental degradates, and pyrethroid insecticides. Because findings could not be interpreted with existing data on fipronil degradate toxicity, EC50s and LC50s for fipronil and its sulfide and sulfone derivatives were determined for 14 macroinvertebrate species. Four species were more sensitive than any previously studied, indicating fipronils toxicity to aquatic life has long been underestimated. The most sensitive species tested, Chironomus dilutus, had a mean 96-h EC50 of 32.5 ng/L for fipronil and 7?10 ng/L for its degradates. Hyalella azteca, a common testing species, was among the least sensitive. The typical northern California creek receiving urban stormwater runoff contains fipronil and degradate concentrations twice the EC50 of C. dilutus, and approximately one-third the EC50 for a stonefly, a caddisfly, and two mayfly species. The present study substantially increases data available on toxicity of fipronil degradates, and demonstrates that fipronil and degradates are common in urban waterways at concentrations posing a risk to a wide variety of stream invertebrates. ■ INTRODUCTION The dominant pesticides in agricultural and urban environ- ments change as new compounds are developed or use of existing compounds is restricted by regulatory action, typically because of unforeseen risks to human health or environmental quality. Insecticide use in urban environments provides an example. After most organoch