英译汉替换与重复解题.ppt

替换与重复;除非修辞的需要，英语一般要避免重复;在英语中避免如下几种重复：;Close examination of the results of the investigation led to a reorganization of the department. Close study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department.;2 词语重复;3 句式重复;4. 意义重复;翻译或写作时注意以下重复的意义;汉语则通过重复强化行文的语气和修辞，使语言生动有力。 英语宜采用替代、省略、变换等避免重复，使行文简洁、有力，符合英语民族心理习惯。;一、替代;一定的文化是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予一定社会的政治和经济以巨大的作用和影响。 Any given culture is a reflection of the politics and economics of a given society, and the former in turn has a tremendous effect and influence on the latter.;2 动词性替代;3 分句性替代;一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩七分错误，还是七分成绩三分错误，必须有个根本的估价。 We must have a fundamental evaluation of a person’s work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 percent and his mistakes to 70 percent, or vice versa.;英语多用代称，以避免重复；汉语多用实称，因而较多重复。汉语的代词远没有英语广泛。人称代词的使用是1917年新文化运动之后才出现的。 王力： 中国现代语里不大用‘它’，尤其是非动物。英语的‘it’译成‘它’很不顺口。;Flattery is more dangerous than hatred because it covers the stain which the other causes to be wiped out. 奉承远比仇恨危险，因为奉承掩饰人的污点，而仇恨却促使人们抹掉污点。 ;Gathering facts, confirming them, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings—this is all the work of science. 收集资料，论证资料，提出理论，检验理论，并对研究成果进行归纳整理－－这就是科学工作的全部内容。 ;二、省略;野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。 阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。 说一个人自私，不是因为他只考虑自己的利益，而是因为他不顾邻人的利益。;Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil. Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking, one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind. A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s.;One cannot learn to produce a sound from an explanation only, or get a correct idea of a flavor from a description: a sound must be heard, a color seen, a flavor tasted, an odor inhaled. 人不能只从讲解中学会发音，也不能光靠描述而体会某种滋味。声音必须耳闻，颜色必须眼见，滋味必须口尝，气味必须吸入。;三、变换;John’s bought himself a new Ford. He practically lives in the car. I don’t know where to stay when I arrive in New York. I have never been to that place. ;汉语大量使用重叠词使词语音节匀称、形式整齐，而且赋予词语以新的意义和感情色彩。在翻译中，宜广泛运用叠字叠词，增强语言的表现力。 ;The road was packed with