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A Basic Introduction to Quantum Noise and Quantum-Non-Demolition Techniques
Chapter 11
A Basic Introduction to Quantum Noise
and Quantum-Non-Demolition Techniques
Stefan Hild
Abstract For the past 120 years the Michelson interferometer has served as the
standard tool for high precision length measurements. Starting from the very first
Michelson interferometer to today’s large-scale gravitational wave observatories, the
peak sensitivity of the Michelson interferometer has improved by about 10 orders
of magnitude. Advanced gravitational wave detectors, such as Advanced LIGO or
Advanced Virgo, will achieve a measurement precision limited by the Heisenberg
Uncertainty Principle, giving rise to the interferometric Standard Quantum Limit for
40kg test masses. This chapter will give a basic outline of the concepts currently
under consideration for surpassing the Standard Quantum Limit.
11.1 How to Approach This Chapter
In this chapter we will discuss the notion of quantum noise and some methods by
which it can be reduced in laser-interferometric Gravitational Wave (GW) detec-
tors1. It needs to be pointed out that a comprehensive discussion of this topic is far
beyond what is possible within the limited space here. So, the reader might wonder
what can be gained from reading this chapter? In this chapter I will give my best,
trying to approach quantum noise and quantum-non-demolition (QND) techniques
from the standpoint of an experimental physicist who aims at thinking in terms of
clear and lightweight models with easy applicability, rather avoiding excessive the-
oretical formalism; hence, my main goal is to convey an intuitive understanding of
the underlying concepts of quantum noise and interferometry techniques aiming to
1 Please note, that if not stated explicitly otherwise, we neglect in this chapter all other funda-
mental noises, such as thermal noise, as well as the myriad of technical noises that commis-
sioners of GW detectors have to battle with.
S. Hild (B)
SUPA, Institute for Gravitational Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12
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