《挪威公路隧道-》附录翻译.docVIP

Appendix A Evaluation and calculation of air pollution from road tunnels 附录A 公路隧道中空气污染的评估和计算方法 1 Exhaust gases from the tunnel entrance 1. 隧道入口处的废气排放 A simplified method for calculating is given below. The method is empirical, and is based on measurements of the dispersion of trace elements outside the tunnel entrances and atmospheric dispersion model adjusted to take into account dispersion at ground level. The calculation method is presented as nomogrammes, see Figures A.2 – A.4. 隧道入口处废气排放的简便计算方法如下： 此方法是一种经验性的计算方法，通过检测隧道口外一些微量元素的分布和研究空气的扩散模型来确定隧道废气的污染等级。具体的计算通过诺模图表法给出，如图A.2～图A.4所示。 Air pollution originating from the tunnel is defined as two phases: a jet phase and a smoke phase. In the jet phase it is initially the air speed out of the tunnel opening (u) which is decisive, whereas in the smoke phase the atmospheric conditions (e.g. external wind speed, w) are the most important. This is presented schematically in Figure A.1. The selected parameters are dependent upon representative measurements. The transition from the jet phase to the smoke phase is very complicated and is estimated. 隧道废气产生分为两个阶段：射流作用阶段和排烟阶段，在射流作用阶段隧道口最初的空气流速（u）起决定性作用，而在排烟阶段空气条件（如外部风速w）起主要作用，其示意图如A.1所示。根据典型的检测方法来决定其相应的检测参数。从射流作用阶段到排烟阶段是一个相当复杂的过程。 In order to calculate the level of pollution as accurately as possible at selected points outside the tunnel entrance, atmospheric measurements are made (wind, stability etc.) in the immediate vicinity over a long period. The measurements should include the winter period as it is then that pollution is normally the highest. In addition the background concentration in the local area must be measured. The local topography and the shape of the portals can also be of major importance for the dispersion effects. 为了在隧道入口处的选定点尽可能准确地计算隧道内空气的污染程度，应在被选地点附近做较长时间的监测（风速、稳定性等），由于在冬季其污染最为严重，因此还需要在冬天的进行监测。另外，隧道口背面的废气浓度也需要监测。 隧道洞口处的地形以及隧道洞口的形状对污染物的分布也有较大影响。 2 Nomogrammes used in calculation of dispersion 2.用于扩散分布计算的诺模图表 The nomogrammes are presented in Figures A.