“公共管理学”复习纲要B.docVIP

There has been a transformation（转化、变革） in the management of the public sectors of advanced countries. 在发达国家的公共部门的管理已经有了一个变革。 This new paradigm poses（形成） a direct challenge to several of what had previously been regarded as fundamental principles of traditional public administration. 这个新的范例对几个原先被认为是传统公共行政的基础规则提出了直接挑战。 These seven seeming verities（真理） have been challenged.这几个真理被挑战。 Economic problems in the 1980s meant governments reassessed（重新评估） their bureaucracies and demanded changes. 1980s的经济问题意味着政府重新评估他们的官僚制并且需要改变。 All these points will be discussed at greater length（长度） later, but the main point is there has been total change in a profession that saw little change for around a hundred years.这些观点会在以后做更大范围的讨论，但是这里强调的主要是一点：一百年来很少发生变革的公共职业领域发生了全面变革。 There is some debate over whether or not public managemnet, particularly the new public management, is a new paradigm for public sector management.有个争论，关于公共管理尤其是新的公共管理是不是公共部门管理的一个新的范例。 Some argue that a paradigm is a large hurdle（障碍） to jump, requiring agreement among all a discipline’s(学科，纪律) practitioners-a more or less permanent way of looking at the world 一些争论认为一个范例是一个要跨越的大障碍，需要所有学科的实践者的同意，或多或少是看待世界的暂时方法。 The basic paradigms for public sector management are those following from Ostrom’s(1989)argument that there are two opposing forms of organization: bureaucracy and markets. 基本的公共管理部门的范例是这些遵循奥斯特罗姆的争论，即组织有两种对立的类型：官僚组织和市场组织。 To Behn,the traditional model of administration qualifies as a paradigm; as he continues, ‘certainly,those who support traditional public administration would argue that they have a “discipline（学科、纪律）”, complete（完整的） with” theories, laws, and generalisations”, that focus their research’ (Behn,2001,p.231). 对本来说，传统行政模型适合被看做一种范式。他继续说，当然，那些支持公共传统行政的人??争论说他们有纪律，带有完整的理论、法律和普遍原理，专注于他们的研究。 The public management paradigm has the very different underlying（潜在、含蓄、隐晦的） theoretical bases of economics and private management. 公共管理里范式有着很不同的潜在的理论基础，即经济理论和私营部门理论。 However, it is not the case that at one point in