2008 NOBLE PRIZE.ppt

追寻大师之路— 2008诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 Nobel Prize Every year since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. Each prize consists of a medal, personal diploma, and a cash award. Virus A virus (from the Latin virus meaning toxin or poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell. Viruses infect all cellular life. The first known virus, tobacco mosaic virus, was discovered by Martinus Beijerinck in 1899,[1] and now more than 5,000 types of virus have been described.[2] 人乳头瘤病毒(HPV) HPV是一种小的DNA病毒，直径45～55nm。 HPV基因组是一闭环双股DNA，7.9Kb。按功能可分为早期区（E区）、晚期区（L区）和非编码区（NCR）三个区域。 HPV主要通过直接或间接接触污染物品或性传播感染人类。 Structure and transcription of human papillomavirus sequences in cervical carcinoma cells. Nature 1985 DNA of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 has been found closely associated with human genital cancer, supporting the concept that members of this virus group are key factors in the aetiology of genital cancer. HPV 18 DNA sequences were also detected in cell lines derived from cervical cancer. We have now analysed these cell lines, HeLa, C4-1 and 756, for the structural organization and transcription of the HPV 18 genome and we find that the HPV 18 DNA is integrated into the cellular genome and is amplified in HeLa and 756 cells. for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus P24 p24 is the core protein in the HIV virus particle. It forms the capsid of the virus, the case in which HIVs RNA genome is kept. The level of p24 found in the blood serum is an indicator of HIV progression . HIV and AIDS Most researchers believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the twentieth century;[112] it is now a pandemic, with an estimated 38.6 million people now living with the disease