Chitins and chitosans for the repair of wounded skin, nerve, cartilage and bone.pdf

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Chitins and chitosans for the repair of wounded skin, nerve, cartilage and bone.pdf

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Chitins and chitosans for the repair of wounded skin, nerve, cartilage and bone

Carbohydrate Polymers 76 (2009) 167–182Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Carbohydrate Polymers journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/locate /carbpolReview Chitins and chitosans for the repair of wounded skin, nerve, cartilage and bone Riccardo A.A. Muzzarelli * Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ancona, Via Ranieri 67, IT-60100 Ancona, Italy a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c tArticle history: Received 14 October 2008 Received in revised form 4 November 2008 Accepted 5 November 2008 Available online 13 November 2008 Keywords: Wound healing Hemostasis Neoangiogenesis Metalloproteinase Macrophage Skin Nerve Cartilage Bone Chitin Chitosan0144-8617/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.11.002 * Tel.: +39 071 36206. E-mail addresses: Muzzarelli@univpm.it, RiccardopThis review provides a balanced integration of the most recent chemical, biochemical and medical infor- mation on the unique characteristics of chitins and chitosans in the area of animal/human tissue regen- eration. Hemostasis is immediately obtained after application of most of the commercial chitin-based dressings to traumatic and surgical wounds: platelets are activated by chitin with redundant effects and superior performances compared with known hemostatic materials. To promote angiogenesis, nec- essary to support physiologically ordered tissue formation, the production of the vascular endothelial growth factor is strongly up-regulated in wound healing when macrophages are activated by chitin/ chitosan. The inhibition of activation and expression of matrix metalloproteinases in primary human der- mal fibroblasts by low MW chitosans prevents or solves problems caused by metalloproteinase-2 such as the hydrolysis of the basement membrane collagen IV. Experimental biocompatible wound dressings derived from chitin are today available in the form of hydrogels, xerogels, powders, composites, films and scaffolds: the latter are easily colonized by human cells in view