计算机安全PPT2.ppt

1 Chapter 2 Conventional Encryption 2 Outline Conventional Encryption Principles Conventional Encryption Algorithms Cipher Block Modes of Operation Location of Encryption Devices Key Distribution 3 Symmetric Encryption A.k.a. conventional / secret-key / single-key Sender and recipient share a common key All classical encryption algorithms are secret-key-based Was the only type prior to the invention of public-key in 1970’s By far most widely used 4 Conventional Encryption Principles An encryption scheme has five ingredients: Plaintext Encryption algorithm Secret key Ciphertext Decryption algorithm Security depends on the secrecy of the key, not the secrecy of the algorithm Why? 5 Some Basic Terminology Cipher Algorithm for transforming plaintext to ciphertext Encipher (encrypt) Converting plaintext to ciphertext Decipher (decrypt) Recovering ciphertext from plaintext Cryptography Study of encryption principles/methods Cryptanalysis (codebreaking) Study of principles/ methods of deciphering ciphertext without knowing key Cryptology Field of both cryptography and cryptanalysis 6 Conventional Encryption Principles 7 Requirements Two requirements for secure use of symmetric encryption: A strong encryption algorithm A secret key known only to sender and receiver Mathematically we have: Y = EK(X) X = DK(Y) Assume encryption algorithm is known Implies a secure channel to distribute key 8 Cryptography Characterize cryptographic systems by: Type of encryption operations used Substitution / transposition / product Some examples will be discussed later Number of keys used Single-key or secret / two-key or public Way in which plaintext is processed Block / stream 9 Cryptanalysis Objective Recover key not just message General approaches: Cryptanalytic attack Brute-force attack 10 Cryptanalytic Attacks Ciphertext only Only know algorithm ciphertext, is statistical, know or can identify plaintext Known plaintext Know/suspect plaintext ciphertext Chosen plaintext Sele