第1讲语言文化与翻译.ppt

翻译理论与实践;第一章 总论 一、我国翻译史的起始问题 二、翻译与翻译学 三、翻译标准之争 四、“直译”与“意译”之争 五、译者应具备的素质和条件;一、我国翻译的起始问题 有两种说法：一说始于战国时期（前475~前221年），最早的翻译文字作品是《越人歌》。还有一种说法，认为东汉（公元1~2世纪）的佛经翻译才是中国文字翻译的滥觞。 佛经翻译(Sutra translation )始于何时，也有两种说法：一说始自公元67年（汉明帝永平十年），即始自天竺僧摄摩腾译的《四十二章经》。 另一种说法认为，佛经翻译始于公元147年（汉桓帝建和元年）。;我国的翻译史分期： 1、东汉到宋代的佛经翻译； 2、明末清初的科技翻译； 3、鸦片战争到五四前夕西学翻译时期； 4、五四运动到1949年新中国成立译介国外新思想、新观点以及革命文学作品时期； 5、1949年至今。;二、翻译与翻译学（Translation and the science of translation [translatology]） 何谓翻译？其定义不下数十种。古时翻译或翻译人员被称作“象寄”“象胥”或“通事”“通译”。《礼记.王制》上记载：“五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同，达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译。”（狄鞮，古代翻译西方民族语言的官） “翻译是把一种语言（原语）的信息用另一种语言（译语）表达出来，使译文读者能得到原作者所表达的思想，得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。” ;Definition of Translation Translation is the expression in one language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another (source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. -- Dubois ;Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. --Eugene Nida ;Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. -- Peter Newmark;Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text. ;Translation, which is a very complex phenomenon, is related to different disciplines, such as linguistics, psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, communication theory, literary criticism, aesthetics, and semiotics. As translation study is a cross-disciplinary and cross-culture subject involving many aspects of human