自考英语词汇学笔记整理1.doc

自考英语词汇学笔记整理（含下载） Chapter 1 1 - The definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 1 词定义包括以下几点： （ 1 ）一门语言中最小的自由形式; （ 2 ）一个声音的统一体 （ 3 ）一个意义单位; （ 4 ）在一个句子中独立起作用的一个形式。 词是一门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式 2- Sound and Meaning: symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 2 -声音和意义：象征性联系几乎总是任意和约定成俗的 狗称为狗不是因为这个声音以及这三个字母在一起就能自动表示这种动物。 3- Old English, the speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination. 3 –古代英语，随着语言的发展，声音和形式之间的差异越来越大。产生这种差异的内在原因是英语拼写采用了拉丁字母，从而使英语中的每个音位并不能都用单独的字母来表示，有些字母必须起双重职能或组合在一起来表示一个音 Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart. 另一个原因是，发音比拼写变化的快，在某些情况下，两者产生了很大的差异。 A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. 第三个原因是，是由于早期抄写僧所造成的一些差异。 Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. 最后一个原因是外来词。外来词是丰富了英语词汇的重要途径。 5 - Vocabulary: All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-da