浅探中国古代文献中潜藏的造园花木专篇.docx

浅探中国古代文献中潜藏的造园花木专篇 2014-05-15 15:22:02 鲍戈平 张翼[BAO Ge-ping，ZHANG Yi]摘要：本文从童寯先生提出的“三卷《园冶》无花木专篇”的遗憾展开，以现当代学者针对造园花木研究的理论背景为基础，对“能主之人”、“文人”、“造园学视角”及“花木理论”等相关问题进行辨析和阐释；而后，以《长物志》、《闲情偶寄》、《花镜》、《广群芳谱》四本古典专著以及若干古代画论所涉及的花木理论为例，从鲜明的造园学视角出发，将富有造园指导意义的内容在统一的园林逻辑下重新梳理和比较，试图探寻从“泛论”、“断章”中重新获得“花木专篇”的研究方法。Abstract：This article begins with the regret which brought up by Tong Jun that “there is no chapter about plants in all three volumes of Yuan Ye”, and based the theoretical context upon the study of modern and contemporary scholars on garden plants, especially emphasis on the analysis and elucidation of related issue, such as “scholarly owner”, “scholar”, “the perspective of gardening”, “the theory of plants” and so on. After that taking plants theory for example, which included in the four classical monographs Zhang Wu Zhi, Xian Qing Ou Ji, Hua Jing, Guang Qun Fang Pu and numerous traditional painting theories, from the distinctive perspective of gardening, we are able to once again systemize and compare content imbued with guiding significance of gardening under the integrate logic of garden, attempt to search from the part of introduction and pieces of content to regain research methods of the chapter of plants.关键词：花木专篇；造园学视角；能主之人；文人笔记；画论Key words：chapters of plants; perspective of gardening ; scholarly owner;notes of scholar； theory of painting1 童寯先生的遗憾????????童寯先生在其造园学宏论《江南园林志》中，曾提及中国传统造园理论在关乎植物要素专论上的一项空白：????????园林之胜，言者乐道亭台，以草木名者盖鲜。三卷《园冶》无花木专篇，殆亦“桃李不言，似通津信”者欤？自来文人为记，每详于山池楼阁，而略于花丛树荫……[1]9????????《园冶》在植物专论上的缺憾，当然不是出于计成在花木造诣上的不足，《园??》中每论及花木，均阐释其在造园手法中的明确指引。如芭蕉对窗景，有“半窗碧隐蕉桐”[2]43、“窗虚蕉影玲珑”[2]60等；对柳、桃、竹、梅等的配置，有“堤湾宜柳”[2]60、“插柳沿堤，栽梅绕屋”[2]51、“风生寒峭，溪湾柳间栽桃；月隐清微，屋绕梅余种竹”[2]64等；对庇荫乔木经营，则有“梧阴匝地，槐荫当庭”[2]51、“院广堪梧”[2]60、“虚阁荫桐”[2]60等。这些论述都有着极强的操作意义，以现存的江南园林参详，亦高度吻合。????????而《园冶》无花木专篇的原因，恐怕需结合中国文人的知识结构方能了然。西方造园家在19世纪前称“gardener”，此称谓又同义于“园丁”或“花匠”，植物学在其造园理论中当然居于显要地位；与西方的专才不同，中国造园活动中的“能主之人”则是作为全才的文人，他们入世则务政治、经济、军事，出世则兼诗、书、画、园多项技艺——即便造园意境与画意相通，但因文人也著画论，故园论中无需详述；同理，各类古籍及文人笔记中绝不乏花木专论，故园论中亦仅