大学化学课件_国外原版教材_2.ppt

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions ;John Dalton: Each element is composed of atoms All atoms of an element are identical. In chemical reactions, the atoms are not changed. Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine. Dalton’s law of multiple proportions: When two elements form different compounds, the mass ratio of the elements in one compound is related to the mass ratio in the other by a small whole number.;The ancient Greeks were the first to postulate that matter consists of indivisible constituents. Later scientists realized that the atom consisted of charged entities. Cathode Rays and Electrons A cathode ray tube (CRT) is a hollow vessel with an electrode at either end. A high voltage is applied across the electrodes.;Cathode Rays and Electrons The voltage causes negative particles to move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. The path of the electrons can be altered by the presence of a magnetic field.;Cathode Rays and Electrons Consider cathode rays leaving the positive electrode through a small hole. If they interact with a magnetic field perpendicular to an applied electric field, the cathode rays can be deflected by different amounts. The amount of deflection of the cathode rays depends on the applied magnetic and electric fields. In turn, the amount of deflection also depends on the charge to mass ratio of the electron.;Cathode Rays and Electrons;Cathode Rays and Electrons In 1897, Thomson determined the charge to mass ratio of an electron to be 1.76 ? 108 C/g. Goal: find the charge on the electron to determine its mass.;Cathode Rays and Electrons Consider the following experiment: Oil drops are sprayed above a positively charged plate containing a small hole. As the oil drops fall through the hole, they are given a negative charge. Gravity forces the drops downward. The applied electric field forces the drops upward. When a drop is perfectly balanced, the weight of the drop is equal to the electrostatic force of attracti