水利水电工程专业英语——河流工程篇题库.docxVIP

水利水电工程专业英语——河流工程篇 1. Some Problems Related to Alluvial Rivers（1） 1. 与冲积河流相关的一些问题（1） Many of the earlier civilizations came into being the fertile valleys of large rivers. Civilizations prospered in the Nile valley in Egypt, along the Tigris and Eupharates rivers in Mesopotamia, along the Indus River. As early as 4000 B.C. people built dams across the rivers to store water, dug canals for navigation purposes and also to carry water to the fields to produce much-needed food. Together with the problems associated with the irrigation works, these earlier civilizations were confronted with the problems of flood control and the Chinese had developed excellent systems of dikes for the protection of inhabited areas against floods. 很多早期的文明都孕育在大江大河的肥沃的河谷。这些文明繁荣在在埃及尼罗河谷，沿着美索不达米亚的底格里斯河和幼发拉底河，沿着印度河流域。早在公元前4000年，人们就横跨河流修建水坝来蓄水，以航运及将水带到农田以生产更加非常需要的事物为目的而开挖渠道。与同灌溉工程相关的问题一样，这些早期文明也面临着防洪的问题，而中国人则已经发展了防洪保护居住区的优秀堤防体系。 Thus, since the dawn of civilization, mankind has faced problems associated with rivers, and solved them to the best of their ability. More complicated problems are encountered in modern times because, with the increase in population, more and more rivers are being harnessed for multipurpose use-flood control, water supply, power generation, irrigation and navigation-for which artificial changes are being made in the water courses. These problems have become complicated because of the fact that rivers and other water courses, in most cases, run through loose material and the water carries some of this material along with it. The presence of sediment in water also creates problems in the operation of turbines and pumps through with the sediment-laden water flows. Further the money spent in treating the water to remove sediment and make it fit for domestic or industrial consumption is enormous. Other problems connected with the training and harnessing of rivers carrying sediment also engage the attention of a large number of engineers. In fact if the water courses were to