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麻省理工大学算法导论lecture06
Introduction to Algorithms
6.046J/18.401J/SMA5503
Lecture 6
Prof. Erik Demaine
Order statistics
Select the ith smallest of n elements (the
element with rank i).
? i = 1: minimum;
? i = n: maximum;
? i = ?(n+1)/2? or ?(n+1)/2?: median.
Naive algorithm: Sort and index ith element.
Worst-case running time = Θ(n lg n) + Θ(1)
= Θ(n lg n),
using merge sort or heapsort (not quicksort).
? 2001 by Charles E. Leiserson Introduction to Algorithms Day 9 L6.2
Randomized divide-and-
conquer algorithm
RAND-SELECT(A, p, q, i) ? ith smallest of A[p ..q]
if p = q then return A[p]
r ← RAND-PARTITION(A, p, q)
k ← r – p + 1 ? k = rank(A[r])
if i = k then return A[r]
if i k
then return RAND-SELECT(A, p, r – 1, i)
else return RAND-SELECT(A, r + 1, q, i – k)
k
≤≤AA[[rr]] ≥≥AA[[rr]]
pqr
? 2001 by Charles E. Leiserson Introduction to Algorithms Day 9 L6.3
Example
Select the i = 7th smallest:
66 1010 1313 55 88 33 22 1111 i = 7
pivot
Partition:
22 55 33 66 88 1313 1010 1111 k = 4
Select the 7 – 4 = 3rd smallest recursively.
? 2001 by Charles E. Leiserson Introduction to Algorithms Day 9 L6.4
Intuition for analysis
(All our analyses today assume that all elements
are distinct.)
Lucky:
T(n)= T(9n/10) + Θ(n) nlog10/91 = n0 =1
= Θ(n) CASE 3
Unlucky:
T(n)= T(n –1) + Θ(n) arithmetic series
= Θ(n2)
Worse than sorting!
? 2001 by Charles E. Leiserson Introduction to Algorithms Day 9 L6.5
Analysis of expected time
The analysis follows that of randomized
quicksort, but it’s a little different.
Let T(n) = the random variable for the running
time of RAND-SELECT on an input of size n,
assuming random numbers are independent.
For k = 0, 1, …, n–1, define the indicator
random variable
1 if PARTITION generates a k : n–k–1 split,
X =
k 0 otherwise.
? 2001 by Charles
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