托福阅读推理题中那些“逆向推理”.docxVIP

托福阅读推理题中那些“逆向推理” 　　托福阅读推理题每篇0-2道，考查学生理解和感知文章内容关系的能力，需要学生根据句子之间的逻辑性进行更深层次的推断。有时候，我们可以利用“正向推理”：找出与文章描述特质一致的选项。也有一些题，文章给我们的提示其实正是题干概念相反范畴的特质，这需要我们以此出发，逆推出题干范畴的特质，再得出答案。 　　那么，托福阅读推理题中会有哪些情况涉及“逆向推理”呢? 　　第一种情况：新的时间点引发的逆向推理 　　例题一：来自-Petroleum Resources-第6题 　　Paragraph 3: Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum. 　　6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers? 　　○They make bringing the oil to the surface easier. 　　○They signal the presence of huge oil reserves. 　　○They waste more oil than they collect. 　　○They are unlikely to occur nowadays. 　　题目解析： 　　选D. 在第三段中的第六句uAlthough this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past.(虽然今天油上升到地表的过程被小心地控制着，但在过去自喷井是很常见的。)”， “today”时间点的出现提醒我们现在和过去的不同。因此D选项正确。 　　这里文章中提到的特质“were common”是关于gushers在in the past的表现，而选项中的是说nowadays，逆推得到的选项。 　　第二种情况：新的地点引发的逆向推理 　　例题二：来自-The Geologic History of the Mediterranean-第4题 　　Paragraph 3: With question such as these