英语语言学三[3.1].ppt

Chapter 3;;We saw that some words can be analyzed into smaller components. Ex. chairman chair, man townhall town, hall boys boy, -s checking check,- ing disappointment dis- ,appoint , -ment ;1 、Morphemes 语素;2. Morphology 形态学;;;1 、 Free morpheme and Bound morpheme 自由语素和黏着语素 A. Freemorphemes: Those that may occur alone, those which may make up words by themselves.(可以单独出现，独自构成单词。) E.g. dog, nation, close mono-morphemic words（单语素词）. All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes. ;Compounds（复合词）:there are poly morphemic words(多语素词),which consist wholly of free morphemes. e.g. paymaster, moonwalk, babysit, godfather, sunflower. ;B. Bound morphemes(黏着语素): They cannot occur alone. (不能单独出现) They must appear with at least one different morpheme.（至少有一个不同的语素） e.g. dogs, national, disclose. distempered dis temper -ed bound morphemes free morphemes;2.Root, affix and stem 词根，词缀，词干;B. Affix（词缀）: is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme（the root or stem).词缀是那些只能附着于另一个词素（词根或词干）上的一类语素的总称。 Normally divided into: prefix (dis-, un-)前缀 dislike undo suffix (-ize, -tion)后缀 colonize revolution Infix （-ee-） 中缀 feet ;A word;C. Stem 词干 any morpheme or combination of morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added. 词干是指能够附加上屈折词缀的语素或语素组合;3 、Inflectional affix and derivational affix 屈折词缀和派生词缀;C.Inflectional affixes are conditioned by Nonsemantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence.屈折词缀受到的限制是非语义性的语言因素，这一因素在它们所依附的词以外，但是在短语或句子之内。 Eg. The boy likes to …Likes就是由句子的主语决定的。 Derivational affixes are more often based on simple meaning distinctions.派生词缀更多是根据简单的意义区别。 例如，clever和cleverness???间的选择依赖于我们要谈论性质