Chapter 4 Data Link Layer.pptVIP

Chapter 4 Data Link Layer;Services;Data Link Protocols;Framing (Chapter 5.4 in Leon-Garcia);Framing;Data to be sent;Bit Stuffing;0110111111111100;Example: Framing in Ethernet;Error Control Coding(Chapter 3.9 in Leon-Garcia);Error Control;Single Parity Check;Example;Probability of Error;Two-Dimensional Parity Check;1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 ;Hamming Codes;m = 3 Hamming Code;Hamming (7,4) code;Parity Check Equations;0 0 1 0 0 0 0;Minimum distance;General Hamming Codes;Hamming Codes: Error-correction;Hamming Codes: Performance ;Other Error Control Codes;Internet Checksum;Polynomial Codes;Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) (Chapter 5 in Leon-Garcia);;Service Models;Connection setup Message transfer Connection release Example: TCP, PPP;No setup Each message sent independently Must provide all address information per message Simple quick Example: UDP, IP;Purpose: To pass to the receiver every frame correctly, only once, in order. Bad things can happen: Error, arbitrary delay, out-of-order arrival, or loss. Aim at very high reliability. Assume if frames arrive, they arrive in-order for now. We save the out-of-order problem for later. Basic elements: Error-detecting code ACKs (positive acknowledgments) NAKs (negative acknowledgments) Timeout mechanism;Packet;In cases (a) (b) the transmitting station A acts the same way But in case (b) the receiving station B accepts frame 1 twice Question: How is the receiver to know the second frame is also frame 1? Need a sequence number: Slast=SN of most recent transmitted frame.;Sequence Numbers;Transmitter A;Transmitter A;S/W Efficiency;frame tf time;Efficiency on Error-free channel;Delay-Bandwidth Product;Average Transmission Number;Efficiency in Channel with Errors;Go-Back-N;Frame transmission are pipelined to keep the channel busy Frame with errors and subsequent out-of-sequence frames are ignored; A;Go-Back-N with Timeout;Receiver;Example: M = 22 = 4, Go-Back –