唐代明经科与进士科的位相_制度上和社会认识之间的乖离.pdfVIP

唐代明经科与进士科的位相 : 制度上和社会认识之间的乖离 Ξ [韩国 ]河元洙 (成均馆大学 历史系 ,韩国) 　　[摘 　要 ] 唐代的明经科是国家为加强中央集权化而形成的科举制度中比进士科更占优势的科目 ,但处于当时 以士人为中心的社会认识中反而不如进士科重要。这种制度和社会评价之间的拮抗过程使明经科的实质重要性 渐渐下降 ,直至北宋中期科举制度变成进士科这一单一科目。通过对比进士科和明经科反映出的这些现象表明 , 在国家权力和士人在社会、文化上的力学关系中 ,士人所起的主体能动性作用令人瞩目。因此 ,有必要重新思考科 举 ,它不仅是以国家选拔官员为主的政治制度 ,其中还包含着士人所主导的社会、文化性因素和影响。 [关键词 ] 唐 ;科举 ;明经科 ;进士科 [中图分类号 ] K242 　　　　[文献标识码 ] A 　　　[文章编号 ] 1008 —1763 (2007) 04 —0036 —10 The Social Position of Mingjing Degree and Jinshi Degree in Tang China : Distance Bet ween Instition and Social Reputation Ha Wonsoo (Sungkyunkwan U niversity , Dept . of History ,College of Liberal Art s , Korea) 　　Abstract :Imperial Examination System was established in Tang Dynasty , China , a unified empire , aiming for t he cent ralization of civil service recruit ment . Mingjing Degree mainly examined t he Confucius Canons considered as basic knowledge for running t he empire . It was instit utionally more important t han J inshi Degree focused on belles - let t res. But t he literati did not lay so much st ress on Mingjing Degree , and preferred J inshi Degree as t heir way of entering government office . Owing to t his rivalry between instit u2 tion and social reputation , Mingjing Degree was get ting less and less important to t he end t hat J inshi be2 came t he only substantial Degree in Song Examination System. The cont rastive fortune of t hese two De2 grees distinctly revealed t he independent and influential power of t he literati , because t hey differed in t he p reference of Degrees wit h t he royal court and led t he change of Imperial Examination System. Therefore , it seems necessary to reconsider t he characteristics of Imperial Examination System as an arena for t he dom2 inance in socio - cultural values rat her t han just an instit ution of civil service recruit ment . 　　Key words :Tang Dynasty ; Imperial Examination System (Civil Service Examination) ; Mingjing De2 gree ; J inshi Degree 一 　序 　论 科举大大改变了前近代中国的支配阶层和社会 构造 ,正如学界出现了“科举学”的表述一般 ,长期以