chapter5 se的mantics.ppt

;Key points:;Difficulties:;5.1 Definition of Semantics;5.2 Approaches to Meaning;5.2.1 Meaning as naming;According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So the meaning of a word is just for the object or referent in the real world.;Problems with the theory:;5.2.2 Meaning as concept;Figure 1: Semantic Triangle ; desk;Comments on the theory:;5.2.3 Meaning as behavior;5.2.3 Meaning as behavior;Speech and practical events: ;Problems with the theory:;5.2.4 Meaning as context;;Ex.1. I don’t like her. She’s tall and thin and moves like a crane.---impression of awkwardness Ex.2. I do like her. She’s tall and thin and moves like a crane.---impression of elegance;Two kinds of context;Factors that limit the meaning of utterance;;Like Bloomfield, he was concerned with reducing meaning to a set of observable features. Unlike Bloomfield, he chose to focus on a more sociological view rather than a psychological one. Problems: what are we actually observing in a context? How many factors are relevant and how many of those are internal to the participants that cannot be easily observed? ;5.2.5 Meaning as truth conditions;5.2.5 Meaning as truth conditions;In other words, The meaning of a sentence is its truth-conditions. So to know the meaning of a sentence is to know how the world would have to be for the sentence to be true. 句子的意义（meaning of sentence）：理解句子的意义就在于获取它的真值条件。 ;; The basic formulation is: S is true if and only if P. S is a sentence; P is a set of conditions guaranteeing the truth of S. if and only if =iff S 代表某个句子，p 代表句子的真值条件，iff （if and only if ）是充分必要条件。例如：“snow is white” is true iff snow is white. ;Peter is married. The meaning of the sentence comes out this way: There is an individual called Peter, a social institution called marriage, and Peter is involved in the state of marriage.;主要贡献;主要缺陷;5.3 word