CHAPTER8DISLOCATIONSANDSTRENGTHENING.pptVIP

Example Using the diagram, compute the time for the average grain size to increase form 0.01-mm to 0.1-mm at (a) 500 oC and (b) 600 oC 33 ? Dislocations are observed primarily in metals and alloys. ? Here, strength is increased by making dislocation motion difficult. ? Particular ways to increase strength are to: --decrease grain size --solid solution strengthening --precipitate strengthening --cold work ? Heating (annealing) can reduce dislocation density and increase grain size. SUMMARY * ISSUES TO ADDRESS... ? Why are dislocations observed primarily in metals and alloys? ? How are strength and dislocation motion related? ? How do we increase strength? 1 ? How can heating change strength and other properties? CHAPTER 8: DEFORMATION AND STRENGTHENING MECHANISMS 3 ? Produces plastic deformation, ? Depends on incrementally breaking bonds. Plastically stretched zinc single crystal. ? If dislocations dont move, deformation doesnt happen! DISLOCATION MOTION 2 ? Metals: Disl. motion easier. -non-directional bonding -close-packed directions for slip. electron cloud ion cores ? Covalent Ceramics (Si, diamond): Motion hard. -directional (angular) bonding ? Ionic Ceramics (NaCl): Motion hard. -need to avoid ++ and -- neighbors. DISLOCATIONS MATERIALS CLASSES 6 ? Structure: close-packed planes directions are preferred. ? Comparison among crystal structures: FCC: many close-packed planes/directions; HCP: only one plane, 3 directions; BCC: none Mg (HCP) Al (FCC) tensile direction ? Results of tensile testing. view onto two close-packed planes. DISLOCATIONS CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 7 ? Crystals slip due to a resolved shear stress, tR. ? Applied tension can produce such a stress. STRESS AND DISLOCATION MOTION slip direction slip direction slip plane normal, ns slip direction 8 ? Condition for dislocation motion: ? Crystal orientation can make it