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ELECTRONDIFFRACTION-OregonStateUniversity
ELECTRON DIFFRACTION
OBJECTIVE: To observe the diffraction pattern when electrons are scattered from a crystal lattice and to verify the deBroglie relationship for the wavelength of the electrons.
READING: Krane, Sections 3.1 and 4.1.
THEORY: According to the deBroglie relationship, an electron with momentum p can reveal wave-type properties characterized by a wavelength (, where
( = h/p (1)
In this experiment, electrons are accelerated through a potential difference V and thus acquire a kinetic energy K = eV. If the potential difference is small enough so that classical kinetic energy applies, then K = eV = p2/2m, or
(2)
The atoms of a crystal lattice will be the diffracting objects in this experiment. When any radiation (electron waves or X rays, for example) is incident on a crystal lattice, the planes of atoms act like reflecting planes, and the radiation is reflected from successive planes. This experiment uses a scattering target that is composed of many small crystals, so among all those crystals will be some that have the planes in the correct orientation to produce interference, as shown in Figure 1.
The path traveled by rays reflecting from the second plane of atoms is longer by 2x than the path traveled by rays reflected from the first plane of atoms. If this distance is a whole number of wavelengths, the reflected rays will show constructive interference.
From the geometry of the crystal planes, x = d sin (, and so the interference condition is
(3)
where n = 1,2,3,…In this experiment we will analyze the first-order interference (n = 1).
The scattering crystal used for this experiment is graphite, which doesn’t have the regular square array of atoms shown in Figure 1 in its lattice. The lattice geometry of graphite is hexagonal, as shown in Figure 2.
There are many possible sets of reflecting plans that can be drawn through the atoms of the graphite lattice. Two prominent set
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