Molybdenum-UW.pdfVIP

5 Molybdenum Molybdenum (Mo), an essential trace element required lium via the same carrier-mediated transport mechanism for nitrogen fixation and the reduction of nitrate to that transports sulfate (SO ).230 The administration of 4 nitrite in plants and bacteria, is widely distributed in SO to monogastric animals consuming a Mo-rich diet de- 4 nature.214 Geochemical surveys in England found that creases blood Mo concentration and increases excretion, Mo content in soil and sediment corresponds closely potentially alleviating toxicity.230-234 Interestingly, dietary to underlying black shales.215 Other sources of Mo in S increases the toxicity of Mo in ruminants, presumably the environment include industrial contamination by as a result of thiomolybdate formation in the rumen. metal alloy manufacturing, copper mining, and coal Molybdenum is transported in the blood as MoO , where 4 mining.216-221 Molybdenum occurs predominately as it is distributed to tissues for integration into enzyme the molybdate (MoO42-) ion in natural water sources, systems. Excretion is primarily via urine; however, feces and concentrations are typically very low (2-3 μg/L), and milk can also serve as important routes of remov- unless contaminated by an outside source, in which case al.214,235-238 The rate of absorption differs amongst species, they can reach 25 mg Mo/L.222,223 In forage,