Atypical Balance between Occipital and Fronto-Parietal Activation for Visual Shape Extraction in Dyslexia.docVIP

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Atypical Balance between Occipital and Fronto-Parietal Activation for Visual Shape Extraction in Dyslexia.doc

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Atypical Balance between Occipital and Fronto-Parietal Activation for Visual Shape Extraction in Dyslexia

AtypicalBalancebetweenOccipitalandFronto-Parietal ActivationforVisualShapeExtractioninDyslexia YingZhang1,2*,SusanWhitfield-Gabrieli1,JoannaA.Christodoulou1,JohnD.E.Gabrieli1 1DepartmentofBrainandCognitiveSciences,McGovernInstituteforBrainResearch,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesof America,2StateKeyLaboratoryofBrainandCognitiveScience,InstituteofBiophysics,ChineseAcademyofScience,Beijing,China Abstract Reading requirestheextraction ofletter shapes fromacomplexbackground of text, andanimpairmentin visual shape extractionwouldcausedifficultyinreading.Toinvestigatetheneuralmechanismsofvisualshapeextractionindyslexia,we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain activation while adults with or without dyslexia respondedtothechangeofanarrow’sdirectioninacomplex,relativetoasimple,visualbackground.Incomparisonto adults with typical reading ability, adults with dyslexia exhibited opposite patterns of atypical activation: decreased activationinoccipitalvisualareasassociatedwithvisualperception,andincreasedactivationinfrontalandparietalregions associatedwithvisualattention.Thesefindingsindicatethatdyslexiainvolvesatypicalbrainorganizationforfundamental processes of visual shape extraction even when reading is not involved. Overengagement in higher-order association cortices, required to compensate for underengagment in lower-order visual cortices, may result in competition for top- downattentionalresourceshelpfulforfluentreading. Citation:ZhangY,Whitfield-GabrieliS,ChristodoulouJA,GabrieliJDE(2013)AtypicalBalancebetweenOccipitalandFronto-ParietalActivationforVisualShape ExtractioninDyslexia.PLoSONE8(6):e67331.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067331 Editor:MarkusLappe,UniversityofMuenster,Germany ReceivedJuly20,2012;AcceptedMay21,2013;PublishedJune25,2013 Copyright: ? 2013 Zhang etal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,d