3横断面研究精选.ppt

* 研究生课程 Close-ended Questions Disadvantages: Need to know appropriate response categories in advance Lack of spontaneity permitted respondent Respondent may be forced into an unnatural frame of reference May suggest response categories respondent has not thought of Respondent may not feel as involved or motivated by questionnaire * 研究生课程 Response Formats Multiple categories that exhaust all meaningful answers and are mutually exclusive During a typical work week (40 hours), how many hours do you spend on engaging in interpersonal relation: _____less than 10 hours _____10 to 19 hours _____20 to 29 hours _____30 to 39 hours _____40 hours or more * 研究生课程 Ordered Response Formats Response categories are ordered along a gradient. Examples: Strongly agree to strongly disagree (3 to 7 point scale; include or not include a neutral response category) Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor Numerical rating scales No Complete Confidence Confidence at All ______________________________ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 * 研究生课程 Unordered Response Format No single dimension underlies response categories. Respondent must evaluate each. Example: Which one of the following do you think is most responsible for the long waiting period in the emergency room of this hospital? (Choose only ONE answer.) Low staff morale The low priority given to the emergency department by the hospital administration. The low priority given to the emergency department by the medical staff. The large number of people using the emergency room. * 研究生课程 Partially Close-ended Questions Answer choices are provided and respondents have the opportunity to create their own responses. Example: What is your position at this school? Classroom teacher Principal Guidance counselor Nurse Other position (Please specify:____________) * 研究生课程 Question Wording - DO Make the wording clear and unambiguous Use common vocabulary Use vocabulary appropriate for your audience Write questions like peo