环境卫生学（周宏伟）01 绪论2014.pptVIP

南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 ehscourse@ * 与此同时，发展中国家可归因于环境因素的意外伤害和道路交通伤害带来的疾病负担更沉重。 在发展中国家，与环境因素有关的伤害导致的人均健康寿命年损失平均数大体比发达国家高出一倍； 就一些疾病，例如疟疾来说，环境性疾病负担将伴随发展而减轻，但其它非传染性疾病，例如慢性阻塞性肺病的负担将加重，接近世界更为发达地区目前的水平。 南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 ehscourse@ * 3．哪些人群受环境对健康危害的影响最严重？ 儿童承担了过分沉重的环境性健康负担。 在全球范围，儿童与总人口相比，因环境风险因素造成的人均健康寿命年损失大约要高4 倍。 腹泻、疟疾和呼吸道感染均在可归因于环境的疾病中占很大比例，也是5 岁以下儿童最大的致命因素。 围产期疾病(例如早产和低出生体重)、蛋白质 - 热能营养不良和意外伤害为儿童其他一些重大致命因素，也明显受环境的影响，尤其是在发展中国家。 南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 ehscourse@ * 平均说来，发展中国家儿童因环境造成的疾病，人均丧失的健康寿命年要比发达国家儿童高出7 倍。而在世界某些非常贫困的地区，这一差距还要大得多，因儿童下呼吸道感染丧失的健康寿命年人均达800 倍，道路交通伤害，25 倍；腹泻，140倍。 但即使是这些统计数字也仍未能反映一些接触的较长期效应，这些接触是在幼年时发生的，但直到许多年后才发病。 10 facts on childrens environmental health-1 Environmental factors are responsible for 88% of the 1.5 million annual child deaths year due to diarrhoea. Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of death among children under five years old, with nearly one in five deaths due to diarrhoea. Around 88% of these deaths are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene. Treating and safe storage of drinking water and washing hands can prevent diarrhoeal disease. Exclusive breastfeeding also helps prevent diarrhoeal disease among young children. 南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 ehscourse@ * 10 facts-2 Half of the two million annual child deaths from acute respiratory infections are attributable to indoor air pollution. 南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 ehscourse@ * Acute respiratory infections – in particular pneumonia – are the biggest killer of young children. Nearly half of these deaths are attributable to indoor smoke from solid fuel. Second-hand tobacco smoke is another major risk factor. Children in developing countries are especially at risk due to poor housing conditions. 10 facts -3 Asthma prevalence is rising rapidly in children. Asthma is the most common chronic disease among children and occurs in all countries. It is triggered by environmental factors such as hous