ControlofGeneExpression-MrFoutsHomePage基因表达-福茨主页控制.pptVIP

What are the Techniques of Biotechnology ? Restriction Endonucleases: enzymes that cut DNA at specific codes (nucleotide sequences) Can buy from suppliers: ex. cut at ATATAT DNA Fingerprinting: sequence code of sample DNA (a portion of genome) or compare digested samples via gel electrophoresis In crime and paternity testing, evidence sample compared to suspects’ samples; if different codes, or different patterns on gel, then cannot be “donor”; if match, % likelihood based on size of genome sequenced, or frequency of gel pattern in population Rape charges even filed against “unknown person” with sample DNA (statute of limitations was approaching) DNA very strong evidence for innocence, not as strong for guilt; but has been used as primary evidence in capital cases (resulted in executions) DNA from whale-meat in Japanese restaurants showed many whale and dolphin species sold despite moratorium on most species Polymerase chain reaction: machine that replicates a small sample of DNA into a larger amount of identical sample (enough to work with) Fig. 20.3 Restriction site DNA Sticky end Restriction enzymecuts sugar-phosphatebackbones. 5? 3? 3? 5? 1 One possible combination Recombinant DNA molecule DNA ligaseseals strands. 3 DNA fragment addedfrom another moleculecut by same enzyme.Base pairing occurs. 2 Fig. 20.2 DNA of chromosome Cell containing geneof interest Gene inserted intoplasmid Plasmid put intobacterial cell RecombinantDNA (plasmid) Recombinantbacterium Bacterialchromosome Bacterium Gene ofinterest Host cell grown in cultureto form a clone of cellscontaining the “cloned”gene of interest Plasmid Gene ofInterest Protein expressedby gene of interest Basic research andvarious applications Copies of gene Protein harvested Basicresearchon gene Basicresearchon protein Gene for pest resistance inserted into plants Gene used to alter bacteria for cleaning up toxic waste Protein dissolvesblood clots in heartattack therapy H