A Feeding Induced Switch from a Variable to a Homogenous State of the Earthworm Gut Microbiota within a Host Population 英文参考文献.docVIP

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A Feeding Induced Switch from a Variable to a Homogenous State of the Earthworm Gut Microbiota within a Host Population 英文参考文献.doc

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A Feeding Induced Switch from a Variable to a Homogenous State of the Earthworm Gut Microbiota within a Host Population 英文参考文献

AFeedingInducedSwitchfromaVariabletoa HomogenousStateoftheEarthwormGutMicrobiota withinaHostPopulation KnutRudi1,2*,Kristin?dega?rd1,TineThereseL?kken1,RobertWilson1 1HedmarkUniversityCollege,Hamar,Norway,2Matforsk,NorwegianFoodResearchInstitute,As,? Norway Abstract Background: The distribution pattern of the earthworm gut microbiota at the host population level is of fundamental importance to understand host-microbiota interactions. Our current understanding of these interactions is very limited. Sincefeedingrepresentsamainperturbationofthegutmicrobiota,wedeterminedtheeffectofasingledoseoffeedon themicrobiotaassociatedwithanearthwormpopulationinasimulatedmicroenvironment. Methodology: Earthworms were sampled 0, 1 and 7 days after feeding. We determined the overall composition of the earthworm-associated microbiota by 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing. Based on the 16S rRNA gene data we constructedquantitativePCR’s(Q-PCR)forthesevenmostdominatingbacterialgroups. Principal Findings: Q-PCR revealed low density and highly variable microbiota among the earthworms before feeding, whileahigh-densityhomologousmicrobiotaresultedfromfeeding.Wefoundthatthemicrobiota1dayafterfeedingwas moreequaltothemicrobiotaafter7daysthanbeforefeeding.Furthermore,wefoundthatthegutmicrobiotawasvery distinctfromthatofthebeddingandthefeed. Significance: The homogenous population response represents fundamental new knowledge about earthworm gut associatedbacteria. Citation:RudiK,?dega?rd K,L?kkenTT,WilsonR(2009)AFeedingInducedSwitchfromaVariabletoaHomogenousStateoftheEarthwormGutMicrobiota withinaHostPopulation.PLoSONE4(10):e7528.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007528 Editor:Ching-HongYang,UniversityofWisconsin-Milwaukee,UnitedStatesofAmerica ReceivedJune22,2009;AcceptedSeptember14,2009;PublishedOctober20,2009 Copyright:?2009Rudietal.Thisisanopen-accessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricted use,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium