A Holistic Approach to Evaluating Cellular Communication Pathways 英文参考文献.docVIP

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A Holistic Approach to Evaluating Cellular Communication Pathways 英文参考文献.doc

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A Holistic Approach to Evaluating Cellular Communication Pathways 英文参考文献

Research Digest Synopses of Research Articles Neandertals Likely Kept Their Genes to Themselves Scientists searching for clues to our origins have long relied on studying fossils to piece together our evolutionary history. Now, with the tools of molecular genetics, they can reach beyond morphological evidence to retrieve traces of DNA preserved in the remnants of bone. And in these ancient DNA sequences, they’re ?nding bits and pieces of the evolutionary record. Over the course of evolution, changes in DNA sequences accumulate at a predictable rate.These mutations can could not have made a signi?cant genetic contribution to early modern humans. Part of the challenge of resolving the human–Neandertal interbreeding issue stems from the fact that so many fossil samples—of both early humans and more archaic humans—are contaminated with the DNA of the contemporary humans who have handled them. So even if a Neandertal sample contained a“real”(or endogenous) DNA sequence resembling early humans—which As these fossils are precious commodities, Pbo’s group applied a technique developed in their lab that uses amino acid content as a measure of extractable endogenous DNA and requires removing just 10 mg of bone from a specimen rather than much larger pieces of bone. Of 24 Neandertal and 40 early modern human fossils analyzed, they found four Neandertal and ?ve early human specimens that passed the amino acid test.These fossils included samples classi?ed as “transitional”between the two groups and represented a wide distribution across Europe, reveal not only how closely related we are but also when evolutionary lineages diverged. Identifying both a typical where the two groups would range of genetic variation and rate of mutation for a given likely have encountered one another.When they analyzed species or population, for example, can serve as a frame of reference for analyzing these samples for Neandertal mtDNA, they found mtDNA sequences that are absent DNA sequences from