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A New Breast Cancer Model 英文参考文献
Research Digest
differentiated T-cells observed in HIV
infection.T-cells go through various
stages toward late differentiation, and
it may be that the early-differentiated
CD8 T-cells, which maintain the ability to
proliferate, offer protective immunity. But
highly differentiated cells, they propose,
exhibit characteristics associated with
“replicative senescence’’—they are in
effect old, worn-out cells that can no
longer proliferate.Though replicative
senescence is a natural process for
most cells, in the context of HIV—in
which infected individuals also lose the
ability to replenish T-cells—it creates an
aging population of T-cells that are less
effective at ?ghting infection.
Synopses of Research Articles
T-Cell Differentiation and
Progression of HIV Infection
of HIV-infected individuals collected at
two distinct points in time: at the onset of
acute infection—which is characterized
Of the 300 or so viruses that cause
disease in humans, HIV may have the
greatest adaptive advantage. Like
most persistent viruses—including
the herpesviruses Epstein–Barr and
cytomegalovirus (CMV)—HIV employs
various strategies to counteract its host’s
response to infection. But HIV possesses
a unique ability to sustain a progressive
attack on the immune system—infecting
the very cells that coordinate the
Papagno L, Spina CA, Marchant A, Salio M,
Rufer N, et al. (2004) Immune activation
immune response—leaving the body
susceptible even to normally harmless
microorganisms. It is these so-called
opportunistic infections, rather than the
human immunode?ciency virus itself,
that makes HIV so deadly.The speci?c
mechanisms that engineer this ongoing
systemic attack have been the subject of
intense research.
HIV targets white blood cells with
protein surface receptors called CD4.
These CD4, or helper,T-cells normally
orchestrate the body’s immune response
by signaling killer T-cells (which are also
called CD8 T-cells, after their CD8 surface
receptors) and other immune cells to
multiply an
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