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Ancient Leishmaniasis in a Highland Desert of Northern Chile 英文参考文献
AncientLeishmaniasisinaHighlandDesertofNorthern
Chile
MariaAntoniettaCosta1,CarneyMatheson2,LuciaIachetta3,Agust?′nLlagostera1,OttoAppenzeller4*
1InstitutoInvestigacionesArqueolo′gicasyMuseo,UniversidadCato′licadelNorte,SanPedrodeAtacama,Chile,2Paleo-DNAResearch,LakeheadUniversity,ThunderBay,
Ontario,Canada,3DepartmentofAnthropology,TheUniversityofWesternOntario,London,Ontario,Canada,4NewMexicoHealthEnhancementandMarathonClinics
ResearchFoundation,Albuquerque,NewMexico,UnitedStatesofAmerica
Abstract
Background:LeishmaniasisisaninfectiousdiseaseendemictodayinmanyareasofSouthAmerica.
Methodology: We discovered morphologic and molecular evidence of ancient infections in 4 female skulls in the
archaeologicalcemeteryofCoyoOriente,inthedesertofSanPedrodeAtacama,NorthernChile.Theboneyfaciallesions
visible in the skulls could have been caused by a number of chronic infections including chronic Leishmaniasis. This
diagnosis was confirmed using PCR-sequenced analyses of bone fragments from the skulls of the affected
individuals.Leishmaniasis is not normally found in the high-altitude desert of Northern Chile; where the harsh climate
doesnotallowtheparasitetocompleteitslifecycle.ThepresenceofLeishmaniasisinancientskullsfromtheregionimplies
infectionbytheprotozoaninanendemicarea–likely,inoursubjects,tohavebeenthelowlandsofNorth-EasternArgentina
orinSouthernBolivia.
Conclusions: We propose that the presence of the disease in ancient times in the high altitude desert of San Pedro de
Atacamaistheresultofanexogamicsystemofpatrilocalmarriages,wherewomenfromdifferentculturesfollowedtheir
husbandstotheirancestralhomes,allowingimmigrantwomen,infectedearlyinlife,tobeincorporatedintheAtacama
desert society before they became disfigured by the disease. The present globalization of goods and services and the
extraordinaryfacilemovementofpeopleacrossbordersandcontinentshaveleadtoaresurgenceofinfectiousdiseasesand
re-emergence of infections such as Leishmaniasis. We show here that such
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