Gain and Loss Learning Differentially Contribute to Life Financial Outcomes 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Gain and Loss Learning Differentially Contribute to Life Financial Outcomes 英文参考文献.doc

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Gain and Loss Learning Differentially Contribute to Life Financial Outcomes 英文参考文献

GainandLossLearningDifferentiallyContributetoLife FinancialOutcomes BrianKnutson1*,GregoryR.Samanez-Larkin2,CameliaM.Kuhnen3 1Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America, 2Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, UnitedStatesofAmerica,3FinanceDepartment,KelloggSchoolofManagement,Evanston,Illinois,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Emerging findings imply that distinct neurobehavioral systems process gains and losses. This study investigated whether individualdifferencesingainlearningandlosslearningmightcontributetodifferentlifefinancialoutcomes(i.e.,assetsversus debt).Inacommunitysampleofhealthyadults(n=75),rapidlearnershadsmallerdebt-to-assetratiosoverall.Morespecific analyses,however,revealedthatthosewholearnedrapidlyaboutgainshadmoreassets,whilethosewholearnedrapidlyabout losseshadlessdebt.Thesedistinctassociationsremainedstrongevenaftercontrollingforpotentialcognitive(e.g.,intelligence, memory, and risk preferences) and socioeconomic (e.g., age, sex, ethnicity, income, education) confounds. Self-reported measuresofassetsanddebtwereadditionallyvalidatedwithcreditreportdatainasubsetofsubjects.Thesefindingssupportthe notionthatdifferentgainandlosslearningsystemsmayexertacumulativeinfluenceondistinctlifefinancialoutcomes. Citation:KnutsonB,Samanez-LarkinGR,KuhnenCM(2011)GainandLossLearningDifferentiallyContributetoLifeFinancialOutcomes.PLoSONE6(9):e24390. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024390 Editor:AldoRustichini,UniversityofMinnesota,UnitedStatesofAmerica ReceivedApril15,2011;AcceptedAugust9,2011;PublishedSeptember6,2011 Copyright: ? 2011 Knutson et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding: This research was supported by the FINRA Investor Education Foundation and the National Institute on Aging (i.e., gra