Generalized Reciprocity in Rats 英文参考文献.docVIP

o PL SBIOLOGY GeneralizedReciprocityinRats Claudia Rutte, Michael Taborsky* DepartmentofBehavioralEcology,InstituteofZoology,UniversityofBerne,Berne,Switzerland The evolution of cooperation among nonrelatives has been explained by direct, indirect, and strong reciprocity. Animalsshouldbasethedecisiontohelpothersonexpectedfuturehelp,whichtheymayjudgefrompastbehaviorof their partner. Although many examples of cooperative behavior exist in nature where reciprocity may be involved, experimental evidence for strategies predicted by direct reciprocity models remains controversial; and indirect and strongreciprocityhavebeenfoundonlyinhumanssofar.Hereweshowexperimentallythatcooperativebehaviorof femaleratsisinfluencedbypriorreceiptofhelp,irrespectiveoftheidentityofthepartner.Ratsthatweretrainedinan instrumentalcooperativetask(pullingastickinordertoproducefoodforapartner)pulledmoreoftenforanunknown partner after they were helped than if they had not received help before. This alternative mechanism, called generalized reciprocity, requires no specific knowledge about the partner and may promote the evolution of cooperationamongunfamiliarnonrelatives. Citation:RutteC,TaborskyM(2007)Generalizedreciprocityinrats.PLoSBiol5(7):e196.doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050196 as‘‘repeatedinteractionswithdirectorindirectinformation onthebehaviorofthepartnerinpreviousmoves.’’However, Introduction Cooperationamongunrelatedindividualsmaybeachieved byreciprocalaltruisminwhichtwoormoreindividualshelp eachotherinturn[1,2].Thedecisiontocooperateisbasedon expected future help, which may be judged from past interactions. Most theoretical models of reciprocal altruism assume that individuals base their behavior on knowledge about a partner’s previous behavior, either towards them- selves (direct reciprocity [3]) or towards others (indirect reciprocity[4–6]).Accordingtodirectreciprocity,AhelpsB because B has helped A before; individuals remember who did what in past interactions with them and base the