Modern Subsurface Bacteria in Pristine 2.7 Ga-Old Fossil Stromatolite Drillcore Samples from the Fortescue Group, Western Australia 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Modern Subsurface Bacteria in Pristine 2.7 Ga-Old Fossil Stromatolite Drillcore Samples from the Fortescue Group, Western Australia 英文参考文献.doc

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Modern Subsurface Bacteria in Pristine 2.7 Ga-Old Fossil Stromatolite Drillcore Samples from the Fortescue Group, Western Australia 英文参考文献

ModernSubsurfaceBacteriainPristine2.7Ga-OldFossil StromatoliteDrillcoreSamplesfromtheFortescue Group,WesternAustralia EmmanuelleGe′rard1,DavidMoreira2,PascalPhilippot1,MartinJ.VanKranendonk3,Purificacio′nLo′pez- Garc?′a2* 1IPGP-IMPMC,Universite′ DenisDiderotetCNRS,Paris,France,2Unite′ d’Ecologie,Syste′matiqueetEvolution-CNRSUMR8079,Universite′ Paris-Sud11,Orsay,France, 3GeologicalSurveyofWesternAustralia,EastPerth,WesternAustralia,Australia Abstract Background: Several abiotic processes leading to the formation of life-like signatures or later contamination with actual biogenictracescanblurtheinterpretationoftheearliestfossilrecord.Inrecentyears,alargebodyofevidenceshowingthe occurrenceofdiverseandactivemicrobialcommunitiesintheterrestrialsubsurfacehasaccumulated.Consideringthetime elapsedsinceArchaeansedimentation,thecontributionofsubsurfacemicrobialcommunitiespostdatingtherockformation tothefossilbiomarkerpoolandotherbiogenicremainsinArchaeanrocksmaybefarfromnegligible. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:InordertoevaluatethedegreeofpotentialcontaminationofArcheanrocksbymodern microorganisms,welookedforthepresenceoflivingindigenousbacteriainfreshdiamonddrillcoresthrough2,724Myr-old stromatolites (Tumbiana Formation, Fortescue Group, Western Australia) using molecular methods based on the amplification of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes (SSU rDNAs). We analyzed drillcore samples from 4.3m and 66.2m depth,showingsignsofmeteoriticalteration,andalsofromdeeper‘‘fresh’’samplesshowingnoapparentevidenceforlate stagealteration(68m,78.8m,and99.3m).Wealsoanalyzedcontrolsamplesfromdrillingandsawingfluidsandaseriesof laboratory controls to establish a list of potential contaminants introduced during sample manipulation and PCR experiments. Weidentified in thisway thepresence ofindigenousbacteria belonging toFirmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Alpha-,Beta-,andGammaproteobacteriainaseptically-sawedinnerpartsofdrillcoresdowntoatleast78.8mdepth. Conclusions/Significance:Thepres