Multivariate Phenotypic Divergence Due to the Fixation of Beneficial Mutations in Experimentally Evolved Lineages of a Filamentous Fungus 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Multivariate Phenotypic Divergence Due to the Fixation of Beneficial Mutations in Experimentally Evolved Lineages of a Filamentous Fungus 英文参考文献.doc

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Multivariate Phenotypic Divergence Due to the Fixation of Beneficial Mutations in Experimentally Evolved Lineages of a Filamentous Fungus 英文参考文献

MultivariatePhenotypicDivergenceDuetotheFixation ofBeneficialMutationsinExperimentallyEvolved LineagesofaFilamentousFungus SijmenE.Schoustra1,2*.,DavidPunzalan1,3.,RolaDali1,4,HowardD.Rundle1,ReesKassen1 1DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofOttawa,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada,2LaboratoryofGenetics,WageningenUniversity,Wageningen,TheNetherlands,3RoyalOntario Museum,Toronto,Ontario,Canada,4McGillUniversity,Montreal,Quebec,Canada Abstract Thepotentialforevolutionarychangeislimitedbytheavailabilityofgeneticvariation.Mutationsaretheultimatesourceof newalleles,yettherehavebeenfewexperimentalinvestigationsoftheroleofnovelmutationsinmultivariatephenotypic evolution. Here, we evaluated the degree of multivariate phenotypic divergence observed in a long-term evolution experimentwherebyreplicatelineagesofthefilamentousfungusAspergillusnidulanswerederivedfromasinglegenotype and allowed to fix novel (beneficial) mutations while maintained at two different population sizes. We asked three fundamental questions regarding phenotypic divergence following approximately 800 generations of adaptation: (1) whether divergence was limited by mutational supply, (2) whether divergence proceeded in relatively many (few) multivariatedirections,and(3)towhatdegreephenotypicdivergencescaledwithchangesinfitness(i.e.adaptation).We found no evidence that mutational supply limited phenotypic divergence. Divergence also occurred in all possible phenotypicdirections,implyingthatpleiotropywaseitherweakorsufficientlyvariableamongnewmutationssoasnotto constrainthedirectionofmultivariateevolution.Thedegreeoftotalphenotypicdivergencefromthecommonancestorwas positivelycorrelatedwiththeextentofadaptation.Theseresultsarediscussedinthecontextoftheevolutionofcomplex phenotypesthroughtheinputofadaptivemutations. Citation: Schoustra SE, Punzalan D, Dali R, Rundle HD, Kassen R (2012) Multivariate Phenotypic Divergence Due to the Fixation of Beneficial Mutations in ExperimentallyEvolvedLineagesofaFilamentousFungus.PLoSONE7(