Nasty Viruses, Costly Plasmids, Population Dynamics, and the Conditions for Establishing and Maintaining CRISPR-Mediated Adaptive Immunity in Bacteria 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Nasty Viruses, Costly Plasmids, Population Dynamics, and the Conditions for Establishing and Maintaining CRISPR-Mediated Adaptive Immunity in Bacteria 英文参考文献.doc

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Nasty Viruses, Costly Plasmids, Population Dynamics, and the Conditions for Establishing and Maintaining CRISPR-Mediated Adaptive Immunity in Bacteria 英文参考文献

NastyViruses,CostlyPlasmids,PopulationDynamics, andtheConditionsforEstablishingandMaintaining CRISPR-MediatedAdaptiveImmunityinBacteria BruceR.Levin* DepartmentofBiology,EmoryUniversity,Atlanta,Georgia,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Clustered,RegularlyInterspacedShortPalindromicRepeats(CRISPR)aboundinthegenomesofalmostallarchaebacteria andnearlyhalftheeubacteriasequenced.Throughageneticinterferencemechanism,bacteriawithCRISPRregionscarrying copiesoftheDNAofpreviouslyencounteredphageandplasmidsabortthereplicationofphageandplasmidswiththese sequences.Thusitwouldseemthatprotectionagainstinfectingphageandplasmidsistheselectionpressureresponsible for establishing and maintaining CRISPR in bacterial populations. But is it? To address this question and provide a frameworkandhypothesesfortheexperimentalstudyoftheecologyandevolutionofCRISPR,Iusemathematicalmodels of the population dynamics of CRISPR-encoding bacteria with lytic phage and conjugative plasmids. The results of the numerical(computer simulation) analysis oftheproperties of thesemodels withparameters intheranges estimated for Escherichia coli and its phage and conjugative plasmids indicate: (1) In the presence of lytic phage there are broad conditionswherebacteriawithCRISPR-mediatedimmunitywillhaveanadvantageincompetitionwithnon-CRISPRbacteria with otherwise higher Malthusian fitness. (2) These conditions for the existence of CRISPR are narrower when there is enveloperesistancetothephage.(3)WhiletherearesituationswhereCRISPR-mediatedimmunitycanprovidebacteriaan advantageincompetitionwithhigherMalthusianfitnessbacteriabearingdeleteriousconjugativeplasmids,theconditions forthistoobtainarerelativelynarrowandtheintensityofselectionfavoringCRISPRweak.Theparametersofthesemodels canbeindependentlyestimated,theassumptionbehindtheirconstructionvalidated,andthehypothesesgeneratedfrom theanalysisoftheirpropertiestestedinexperimentalpopulationsofbacteriawithlyticphageandconjugativeplasmids.I suggestprotocolsforestimatingt