Nora Virus Persistent Infections Are Not Affected by the RNAi Machinery 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Nora Virus Persistent Infections Are Not Affected by the RNAi Machinery 英文参考文献.doc

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Nora Virus Persistent Infections Are Not Affected by the RNAi Machinery 英文参考文献

NoraVirusPersistentInfectionsAreNotAffectedbythe RNAiMachinery MazenS.Habayeb1,Jens-OlaEkstro¨m1,DanHultmark1,2* 1DepartmentofMolecularBiology,Umea? University,Umea?, Sweden,2InstituteofMedicalTechnology,UniversityofTampere,Tampere,Finland Abstract Drosophilamelanogasteriswidelyusedtodeciphertheinnateimmunesysteminresponsetovariouspathogens.Theinnate immuneresponsetowardspersistentvirusinfectionsisamongtheleaststudiedinthismodelsystem.Werecentlydiscovered a picorna-like virus, the Nora virus which gives rise to persistent and essentially symptom-free infections in Drosophila melanogaster.Here,wehaveusedthisvirustostudytheinteractionwithitshostandwithsomeoftheknownDrosophila antiviralimmunepathways.First,wefindastrikingvariabilityinthecourseoftheinfection,evenbetweenfliesofthesame inbredstock.SomefliesareabletocleartheNoravirusbutnotothers.Thisphenomenonseemstobethreshold-dependent; flieswithahigh-titerinfectionestablishstablepersistentinfections,whereasflieswithalowerlevelofinfectionareableto clearthevirus.Surprisingly,wefindthatboththeclearanceoflow-levelNoravirusinfectionsandthestabilityofpersistent infectionsareunaffectedbymutationsintheRNAipathways.NoravirusinfectionsarealsounaffectedbymutationsintheToll andJak-Statpathways.Intheserespects,theNoravirusdiffersfromotherstudiedDrosophilaRNAviruses. Citation: Habayeb MS, Ekstro¨m J-O, Hultmark D (2009) Nora Virus Persistent Infections Are Not Affected by the RNAi Machinery. PLoS ONE 4(5): e5731. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005731 Editor:MariaG.Masucci,KarolinskaInstitutet,Sweden ReceivedApril7,2009;AcceptedMay1,2009;PublishedMay29,2009 Copyright: ? 2009 Habayeb et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding: Besides general support from Umea University (http://www.umu.se), this research was supported by grants 2005-3906 and 200