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Fuel90(2011)1350–1360ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectFuel journal homepage: /locate/fuel Numericalsimulationofoff-gasformationduringtop-blownoxygen convertersteelmaking ? SenLi,XiaolinWei ,LixinYu InstituteofMechanics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,No.15Beisihuanxi Road,Beijing100190,China a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Articlehistory: Intop-blownoxygenconvertersteelmakingprocess,alargeamountofhigh-temperatureoff-gasispro- duced,andtheoff-gasisapreciousvaluablefuelcontaininghighconcentrationofcarbonmonoxide(CO). Numericalmodelisdevelopedfortop-blownoxygenconverteroff-gasformation,theoff-gasformationis simulatedusingthedevelopedmodel,andthein?uencesoftheoperatingmodelofconverteronthechar- acteristicsofoff-gas(concentrations,temperature,?owrateandsensibleheat?ux)areinvestigated.The simulated results indicate that CO concentration varies gently, CO concentration can reach about 80% Received13October2009 Receivedinrevisedform11January2011 Accepted12January2011 Availableonline26January2011 Keywords: during10–80%blowingoxygentime,thechangetrendofCO concentrationiscontrarytothatofCOcon- 2 Numerical simulation Converter off-gas Concentration Flowrate centrationduring0–90%blowingoxygentime,andthedramaticchangesofoxygenlanceheightresultin signi?cant?uctuationsofoff-gas?owrate.Theoperationmodelofoxygen-blowingpressuresigni?cantly affectsoff-gassensibleheat?ux,andthesensibleheat?uxishighduring40–80%blowingoxygentime. ó2011ElsevierLtdAllrightsreserved. Sensibleheat?ux 1.Introduction gas recovery and consider the requirement of off-gas quality by users,therelevant restricted conditions mustbeset[7].Thesensi- Oxygen blown converter steelmaking has developed for over 50years, and the process is retaining its predominance as the world’s No.1 steelmaking method by technological innovation [1].Oxygenblownconverter isgenerally dividedintotop-blowing, bottom-blowing andmixedblowing. Top-blown oxygensteelmak- ingproduces 85.5%ofsteelmadebyconverter [2].Achara