Phylogeography of Ostreopsis along West Pacific Coast, with Special Reference to a Novel Clade from Japan 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Phylogeography of Ostreopsis along West Pacific Coast, with Special Reference to a Novel Clade from Japan 英文参考文献.doc

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Phylogeography of Ostreopsis along West Pacific Coast, with Special Reference to a Novel Clade from Japan 英文参考文献

PhylogeographyofOstreopsisalongWestPacificCoast, withSpecialReferencetoaNovelCladefromJapan ShinyaSato1,2,TomohiroNishimura3,4,KeitaUehara3,HiroshiSakanari3,WittayaTawong3 ,Naohito Hariganeya3,KirstySmith5,LesleyRhodes5,TakeshiYasumoto6,YosukeTaira7,ShoichiroSuda8 ,Haruo Yamaguchi3,MasaoAdachi3* 1RoyalBotanicGardenEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UnitedKingdom,2InstituteofMolecularPlantSciences,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh, UnitedKingdom,3KochiUniversity,Kochi,Japan,4TheUnitedGraduateSchoolofAgriculturalSciences,EhimeUniversity,Ehime,Japan,5CawthronInstitute,Nelson, NewZealand,6JapanFoodResearchLaboratories,TamaLaboratory,Tokyo,Japan,7OkinawaInstituteofScienceandTechnologyEvolutionarySystemsBiologyUnit, Okinawa,Japan,8UniversityoftheRyukyus,Okinawa,Japan Abstract Background:AdinoflagellategenusOstreopsisisknownasapotentialproducerofPalytoxinderivatives.Palytoxinisthe mostpotentnon-proteinaceouscompoundreportedsofar.Therehasbeenagrowingnumberofreportsonpalytoxin-like poisonings in southern areas of Japan; however, the distribution of Ostreopsis has not been investigated so far. Morphological plasticity of Ostreopsis makes reliable microscopic identification difficult so the employment of molecular toolswasdesirable. Methods/Principal Finding: In total 223 clones were examined from samples mainly collected from southern areas of Japan.TheD8–D10regionofthenuclearlargesubunitrDNA(D8–D10)wasselectedasageneticmarkerandphylogenetic analyseswereconducted.Althoughmostofthecloneswereunabletobeidentified,therepotentially8putativespecies establishedduringthisstudy.Amongthem,Ostreopsissp.1–5didnotbelongtoanyknownclade,andeachofthemformed itsownclade.ThedominantspecieswasOstreopsissp.1,whichaccountedformorethanhalfoftheclonesandwhichwas highlytoxicandonlydistributedalongtheJapanesecoast.ComparisonsbetweentheD8–D10andtheInternalTranscribed Spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rDNA, which has widely been used for phylogenetic/phylogeographic studies in Ostreopsis,