02Chapter 2_sound要点.ppt

5. Suprasegmentals 超音段特征 Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. Suprasegmental feature are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. (Dai Wei-dong, 2010, p27) The principal suprasegmentals are: 音节，重音，声调，语调 Syllable 音节 “A unit in speech which is often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word.” -- Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching Applied Linguistics ,1998, p460 “Basic phonetic-phonological unit of the word or of speech that can be identified intuitively, but for which there is no uniform linguistic definition.” -- Routledge Dicitonary of Language and Linguistics, 1996, p467 5.1 The syllable structure音节结构 σ (sigma) Onset 节首 Rime 韵基 Nucleus 节核 Coda 节尾 k r ? k t Every syllable MUST have a nucleus or peak, which is often the task of the vowel All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. A syllable that has no coda is called an OPEN SYLLABLE; A syllable with coda is known as CLOSED SYLLABLE. Open syllable 开音节: bar, tie Have an onset and a nucleus, but no coda Closed syllable 闭音节: bard, tied When a coda is present English Syllable: (((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C) Chinese syllable: (C)V(C) Maximal Onset Principle 最大节首原则(MOP) When there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. 5.2 Stress重音 Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable 音节发音时所用的力度. In transcription, a raised vertical line [│] is often used just before the syllable it relates to. A basic distinction is made between stressed and unstressed syllables, the former being more prominent than the latter, which means that stress is a relative notion. At the word level, it only applies to words with at least