SourcesofInformation合编.docx

Information Sources 信息源 The telecommunications environment is dominated by four important sources of information: speech, music, picture and computer data. A source of information may be characterized in terms of the signal that carries the information. A signal is defined as a single-valued function of time that plays the role of the independent variable; at every instant of time, the function has a unique value. The signal can be one-dimensional, as in the case of speech, music, or computer data; two-dimensional, as in the case of pictures; three dimensional, as in the case of video data; and four-dimensional, as in the case of volume data over time. In the sequel, we elaborate on different sources of information. 通讯行业是由四个重要的信息源所控制，他们分别是：语音，音乐，图像和电脑数据。一个信息源可以依据携带信息的信号来定义自己。信号则是代表自变量的时间的单值函数；每一时刻的函数值都不相同。信号可以是一维的，如语音，音乐，或是电脑数据；也可以是二维的，如图像；亦或是三维的，如视频数据；甚至是四维的，例如以时间为轴的体数据。在下一节中，我们将详细阐述不同的信息源。 Speech is the primary method of human communication. Specifically, the speech communication process involves the transfer information from a speaker to a listener, which takes place in three successive stages:  Production.An intended message in the speaker’s mind is represented by a speech signal that consists of sounds (i.e., pressure waves) generated inside the vocal tract and whose arrangement is governed by the rules of language. Propagation.The sound waves propagate through the air at a speed of 300 m/s, reaching the listener’s ears. Perception.The incoming sounds are deciphered by the listener into a received message, thereby completing the chain of events that culminate in the transfer of information from the speaker to the listener. 语音是人类交流的最基本的方式。更具体的说，语音交流的过程就是信息从讲话者传递到聆听者，整个过程包括三个连续的过程： 产生：语音信号的产生就是将讲话者的意识里要传达信息，以语言的规则进行组织，并通过声道发出声音，从而产生由声音组成的语音信号（即气压波）。 传播：声波在空气中以每秒300米的速度传播，并到达聆听着的耳朵。 接收：聆听着将传来的声音译解为所接收到的信息，从而完成整个过程，结束信息从讲话者到聆听者的传递。 The speech-production process may be viewed as a form of filtering, in which a sound source excites a vocal tract filter. The voca