The μ-opioid receptor gene and smoking initiation and nicotine dependence 英文参考文献.docVIP

Behavioral and Brain Functions BioMedCentral Research Open Access The μ-opioid receptor gene and smoking initiation and nicotine dependence Lan Zhang1,2, Kenneth S Kendler1 and Xiangning Chen*1 Address: 1Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA and 2Psychiatry Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Email: Lan Zhang - dancein2000@; Kenneth S Kendler - kendler@; Xiangning Chen* - xchen@ * Corresponding author Published: 04 August 2006 Received: 03 July 2006 Accepted: 04 August 2006 Behavioral and Brain Functions 2006, 2:28 doi:10.1186/1744-9081-2-28 This article is available from: /content/2/1/28 ? 2006 Zhang et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract The gene encoding the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) is reported to be associated with a range of substance dependence. Experiments in knockout mice indicate that the mu-opioid receptor may mediate reinforcing effects of nicotine. In humans, opioid antagonist naltrexone may reduce the reinforcing effects of tobacco smoking. Additionally, the OPRM1 gene is located in a region showing linkage to nicotine dependence. The OPRM1 is thus a plausible candidate gene for smoking behavior. To investigate whether OPRM1 contributes to the susceptibility of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence, we genotyped 11 SNPs in the gene for 688 Caucasian subjects of lifetime smokers and nonsmokers. Three SNPs showed nominal significance for smoking initiation and one reached significance for nicotine dependence. The global test for three-marker (rs9479757- rs2075572-r haplotypes was significant for